AMC 8 2022 Problem 25

AMC8 2022 年第 25 题

概率★★★★★
A cricket randomly hops between 4 leaves, on each turn hopping to one of the other 3 leaves with equal probability. After 4 hops what is the probability that the cricket has returned to the leaf where it started?
一只蟋蟀随机地在 4 片叶子之间跳来跳去,每次都以相同的概率跳到其它的 3 片叶子上。问经过 4 次跳跃,蟋蟀回到它开始的那片叶子的概率是多少?
AMC 8 2022 Problem 25 figure
  1. A.29\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}
  2. B.1980\displaystyle \frac{19}{80}
  3. C.2081\displaystyle \frac{20}{81}
  4. D.14\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}
  5. E.727\displaystyle \frac{7}{27}

正确答案 · Correct Answer

E

解析 · Solution

解法1

先把结构想清楚:4 片叶子分两类——你此刻站的那片(起点 S),和其余 3 片(它们地位完全一样,统称「其他叶」)。每一步必离开当前那片,等概率(各 13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3})落到另外 3 片之一。问 4 步后回到 S 的概率。抓住「3 片其他叶完全等价」这个对称,是这题所有巧解的根。
三种解法殊途同归,都得 727\displaystyle \tfrac{7}{27}:解法1 最朴素(把回到 S 的路线算出来),解法2 用对称只看第 3 步,解法3 把它压成两态逐步推。
解法1(常规解法·数路线) 第 1 步一定离开 S,落到某片其他叶(记作 O)。要 4 步回到 S,从 O 出发的后 3 步只有两条走法。下面两种写法结果一样。
写法一(算概率): 路线①「中途先回一次」 S→O→S→O→S:13×1×13=19\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3}\times 1\times\tfrac{1}{3}=\tfrac{1}{9}(回 S;再出去必落到某片其他叶,概率 1;再回 S)。 路线②「一直在外面绕」 S→O→O→O→S:23×23×13=427\displaystyle \tfrac{2}{3}\times\tfrac{2}{3}\times\tfrac{1}{3}=\tfrac{4}{27}(两次都留在其他叶,各 23\displaystyle \tfrac{2}{3};最后回 S)。 两条互斥,合计 19+427=727\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{9}+\tfrac{4}{27}=\tfrac{7}{27}。
写法二(数个数): 每条具体的 4 步路线概率都是 (13)4=181\displaystyle \left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right)^4=\tfrac{1}{81},共 34=813^4=81 条;只要数出回到 S 的有几条。 路线①型 S→O→S→O→S:第 1 步挑其他叶(3 种)、第 2 步必回 S(1 种)、第 3 步再挑其他叶(3 种)、第 4 步必回 S(1 种)→ 3×1×3×1=93×1\times3×1=9 条。 路线②型 S→O→O→O→S:第 1 步挑其他叶(3 种)、第 2,3 步都要留在其他叶(各 2 种,去掉 S)、第 4 步必回 S(1 种)→ 3×2×2×1=123×2\times2×1=12 条。 第 2 步只有「回 S」或「不回 S」两种,正好对应①②,不重不漏;共 9+12=21 条 → 2181=727\displaystyle \tfrac{21}{81}=\tfrac{7}{27}。
易错点:第 1 步「离开 S」是必然事件(概率 1),别多乘一个 13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3};两条回程别只想到②(一直在外)而漏了①(中途先回)。

Solution 1

*(Elementary — count the paths back to the start.)* First the structure: the 4 leaves split into two kinds — the leaf you are on (start SS) and the other 3 (all interchangeable, call any of them OO). Each hop must leave the current leaf, landing on one of the other 3 with probability 13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3} each. The first hop always leaves SS for some OO; to be back at SS after 4 hops, the last 3 hops from OO follow only two routes. Two ways to finish, same result.
Way 1 (multiply probabilities): Route ① "dip back once" S→O→S→O→SS\to O\to S\to O\to S: 13×1×13=19\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3}\times 1\times\tfrac{1}{3}=\tfrac{1}{9} (back to SS; out to some OO with probability 1; back to SS). Route ② "stay out" S→O→O→O→SS\to O\to O\to O\to S: 23×23×13=427\displaystyle \tfrac{2}{3}\times\tfrac{2}{3}\times\tfrac{1}{3}=\tfrac{4}{27} (stay among the other leaves, 23\displaystyle \tfrac{2}{3} each; then return). Mutually exclusive: 19+427=727\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{9}+\tfrac{4}{27}=\tfrac{7}{27}.
Way 2 (count the paths): Every specific 4-hop path has probability (13)4=181\displaystyle \left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right)^4=\tfrac{1}{81}, and there are 34=813^4=81; just count those returning to SS. Route-① type S→O→S→O→SS\to O\to S\to O\to S: hop 1 picks an OO (3), hop 2 back to SS (1), hop 3 picks an OO (3), hop 4 back to SS (1) =3×1×3×1=9=3×1\times3×1=9. Route-② type S→O→O→O→SS\to O\to O\to O\to S: hop 1 picks an OO (3), hops 2,3 stay off SS (2 each, dropping SS), hop 4 back to SS (1) =3×2×2×1=12=3×2\times2×1=12. After hop 2 the cricket is back at SS or not — exactly Routes ① and ②, no overlap or gap; so 9+12=21 and 2181=727\displaystyle \tfrac{21}{81}=\tfrac{7}{27}.
Trap: the first hop leaving SS is certain (probability 1) — don't multiply an extra 13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3}; and don't forget Route ① (many see only Route ②).

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