AMC 8 2019 Problem 24

AMC8 2019 年第 24 题

三角形★★★★★
In triangle ABC , point D divides side AC‾\overline{AC} so that AD:DC=1:2 . Let E be the midpoint of BD‾\overline{BD} and let F be the point of intersection of line BC and line AE . Given that the area of △ABC\triangle ABC is 360 , what is the area of △EBF\triangle EBF?
在三角形 ABC 中,点 D 把边分成的两段满足 AD:DC=1:2,点 E 是线段 BD 的中点,F 是直线 BC 和 AE 的交点。已知 ΔABC 的面积是 360,问 ΔEBF 的面积是多少?
AMC 8 2019 Problem 24 figure
  1. A.24
  2. B.30
  3. C.32
  4. D.36
  5. E.40

正确答案 · Correct Answer

B

解析 · Solution

解法1

先认清图:在 △ABC 中,D 在 AC 上把它分成 AD:DC=1:2,E 是 BD 的中点,直线 AE 与底边 BC 交于 F。要求的就是下图里上了色的小三角 △EBF。
ABCDEF
下面四种解法由浅入深:前两种初中就够用,后两种是竞赛常备。四种殊途同归,都落到同一个数——[△EBF]=30。
解法1(常规解法·纯面积比) 全程只用一条工具:「两个三角形如果同高,面积比就等于底边比」(它们共用同一条高,面积只随底边长短变化)。 ① 按 D 切:△ABD 与 △BCD 同高(都以 AC 上的一段为底、顶点同为 B)→ 面积比 = AD:DC = 1:2。总面积 360 → [△ABD]=120、[△BCD]=240。 ② 按 E 切:E 是 BD 中点。在 △ABD 内,△ABE 与 △ADE 同高(顶点 A)、底 BE=ED → 各占一半 → [△ABE]=60;同理在 △CBD 内 [△CBE]=120。剩下 [△CAE]=360−60−120=180。 ③ 求 F 把 BC 分成几比几:A、E、F 三点共线、F 在 BC 上,于是 「BF:FC = [△ABE]:[△ACE]」 = 60:180 = 1:3。所以 [△ABF] = [△ABC]×(BF/BC) = 360×14\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{4} = 90。 ④ 在直线 AF 上定位 E:△ABE 与 △ABF 顶点同为 B、底 AE 与 AF 同在直线 AEF 上 → 面积比 = AE:AF = 60:90 = 2:3,故 EF:AF = 1:3。最后 △EBF 与 △ABF 同底 BF(在 BC 上),顶点 E、A 到 BC 的高之比 = EF:AF = 1:3 → [△EBF] = 90×13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3} = 30。 易错点:㈠ BF:FC 不是 1:2(1:2 是 AD:DC),实际是 1:3,必须由面积比 [△ABE]:[△ACE] 求;㈡ 求 [△ABF] 用的是 BF:BC=14\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{4},不是 BF:FC=13\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{3},这两个分母差一截,最容易写错;㈢「E 是中点」只在 △ABD、△CBD 内部各砍一半,不能直接对整个 △ABC 砍半。

Solution 1

*(Elementary — pure area ratios.)* Here is the setup, with the target triangle EBFEBF shaded:
ABCDEF
The only tool is: two triangles of equal height have areas in the ratio of their bases. ① Cut at DD: triangles ABDABD and BCDBCD have the same height (same apex BB, bases on line ACAC), so their areas are in ratio AD:DC=1:2. With total 360: [ABD]=120, [BCD]=240. ② Cut at EE: EE is the midpoint of BDBD. Inside ABDABD, triangles ABEABE and ADEADE share apex AA with equal bases BE=ED, so each is half: [ABE]=60; likewise [CBE]=120. The rest is [CAE]=360-60-120=180. ③ How does FF split BCBC? Since A,E,F are collinear with FF on BCBC, BF:FC=[ABE]:[ACE]=60:180=1:3. Hence [ABF]=[ABC]⋅BFBC=360⋅14=90\displaystyle [ABF]=[ABC]\cdot\tfrac{BF}{BC}=360\cdot\tfrac14=90. ④ Locate EE on line AFAF: triangles ABEABE and ABFABF share apex BB with bases AE,AF on line AEFAEF, so AE:AF=[ABE]:[ABF]=60:90=2:3, giving EF:AF=1:3. Finally EBFEBF and ABFABF share base BFBF on BCBC, and the heights from EE and AA are in ratio EF:AF=1:3, so [EBF]=90⋅13=30[EBF]=90\cdot\tfrac13=30. Common traps: BF:FC is 1:31:3, not 1:21:2 (that is AD:DC); [ABF] uses BF:BC=14BF:BC=\tfrac14, not BF:FC=13BF:FC=\tfrac13; and "EE is a midpoint" only halves areas inside ABDABD and CBDCBD, not inside ABCABC as a whole.

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