AMC 8 2019 Problem 25
AMC8 2019 年第 25 题
排列与组合★★★★☆
Alice has 24 apples. In how many ways can she share them with Becky and Chris so that each of the three people has at least two apples?
Alice 有 24 个苹果。她有多少种和 Becky 与 Chris 分享苹果的方式,使得三人中的每个人都至少有 2 个苹果?
- A.105
- B.114
- C.190
- D.210
- E.380
正确答案 · Correct Answer
C
解析 · Solution
解法1
先垫底再逐项求和
先给每人发 2 个保底,用掉 2×3=6 个,还剩 24-6=18 个随便分(某人可以一个都不再拿)。设三人在这 18 个里分别拿 、、 个,即 a+b+c=18。按第一个人拿了几个分类来数:
a=0:剩 18 个全给后两人,b+c=18, 可取 0 到 18,共 19 种;
a=1:剩 17 个,b+c=17,共 18 种;
a=2:剩 16 个,共 17 种;
依此类推,每多拿 1 个,留给后两人的就少 1 种;
a=17:剩 1 个,共 2 种;
a=18:剩 0 个,只有 1 种。
把每一类加起来:
关键在于「两人分 个、可为 0」恰好有 n+1 种,所以分法数从 19 一路递减到 1。
隔板法 · 从位置里选子集
同样归到 a+b+c=18 求非负整数解。把 18 个苹果和 2 块隔板排成一排,一共 18+2=20 个位置,挑出其中 2 个当隔板,把队伍切成 3 段,每段的苹果数就是一个人分到的数(隔板可在两端或相邻,所以某人分到 0 也算):
为什么是「+2 个位置」:3 个人要 2 块隔板(隔板数 = 人数 − 1),2 个人才是 +1。
易错点 · 缝隙法别直接「除以 2」
也可以这样想:18 个苹果排好后有 19 条缝(两端加中间),往缝里塞 2 块隔板,同一条缝允许塞两块(那就是中间的人分到 0)。
常见错法:以为两块板各挑一条缝、有 19×19 种,再因两块板一样除以 2,得 —— 连整数都不是,必错。
错在哪:只有「两块板在不同缝」才被数了两遍、该 ÷2;「两块板在同一条缝」共 19 种,本来就只数了一遍,不能砍半。正确拆开:
干净的写法是直接数「20 个不同位置挑 2 个」(解法2):从 20 个互不相同的位置挑 2 元子集,天生不重复、无需 ÷2。
Solution 1
Give each person 2 apples first, using 2×3=6, leaving 24-6=18 to share freely (someone may take none more). Writing a+b+c=18, count by how many the first person takes:
a=0: the other two split 18, b+c=18 with from 0 to 18, giving 19 ways;
a=1: 17 left, 18 ways;
a=2: 16 left, 17 ways;
and so on — each extra apple for removes one option for the other two;
a=17: 1 left, 2 ways;
a=18: 0 left, 1 way.
Adding them up:
Reduce to nonnegative solutions of a+b+c=18. Line up the 18 apples and 2 dividers: 18+2=20 positions, and choose 2 of them to be dividers, splitting the row into 3 groups (dividers may sit at an end or next to each other, so a group may be empty):
The "+2" is because 3 people need 2 dividers (dividers = people − 1); 2 people would need only +1.
A tempting wrong route: the 18 apples leave 19 gaps (two ends plus the middles); drop 2 dividers in, and two dividers may share a gap (a middle person gets 0). Treating each divider as picking a gap gives 19×19, then dividing by 2 for the identical dividers gives — not even an integer, so it must be wrong.
The flaw: only "two dividers in different gaps" is double-counted and should be halved; the 19 "same gap" cases are counted once and must not be halved. Correctly:
The clean way is choosing 2 of 20 distinct positions (Solution 2): a 2-element subset of distinct slots, automatically without repetition, so no division is needed.
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