AMC 8 2019 Problem 25

AMC8 2019 年第 25 题

排列与组合★★★★☆
Alice has 24 apples. In how many ways can she share them with Becky and Chris so that each of the three people has at least two apples?
Alice 有 24 个苹果。她有多少种和 Becky 与 Chris 分享苹果的方式,使得三人中的每个人都至少有 2 个苹果?
  1. A.105
  2. B.114
  3. C.190
  4. D.210
  5. E.380

正确答案 · Correct Answer

C

解析 · Solution

解法1

先垫底再逐项求和 先给每人发 2 个保底,用掉 2×3=6 个,还剩 24-6=18 个随便分(某人可以一个都不再拿)。设三人在这 18 个里分别拿 aa、bb、cc 个,即 a+b+c=18。按第一个人拿了几个分类来数: a=0:剩 18 个全给后两人,b+c=18,bb 可取 0 到 18,共 19 种; a=1:剩 17 个,b+c=17,共 18 种; a=2:剩 16 个,共 17 种; 依此类推,每多拿 1 个,留给后两人的就少 1 种; a=17:剩 1 个,共 2 种; a=18:剩 0 个,只有 1 种。 把每一类加起来:
19+18+17+⋯+2+1=19×202=19019+18+17+\cdots+2+1=\frac{19×20}{2}=190
关键在于「两人分 nn 个、可为 0」恰好有 n+1 种,所以分法数从 19 一路递减到 1。

Solution 1

Give each person 2 apples first, using 2×3=6, leaving 24-6=18 to share freely (someone may take none more). Writing a+b+c=18, count by how many the first person takes: a=0: the other two split 18, b+c=18 with bb from 0 to 18, giving 19 ways; a=1: 17 left, 18 ways; a=2: 16 left, 17 ways; and so on — each extra apple for aa removes one option for the other two; a=17: 1 left, 2 ways; a=18: 0 left, 1 way. Adding them up:
19+18+17+⋯+2+1=19×202=19019+18+17+\cdots+2+1=\frac{19×20}{2}=190

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